Red Bull Theatre
Plan of London in the late 16th and early 17th centuries, showing the locations of playhouses: the Red Bull lies to the north-west of the City
The Red Bull was an inn-yard conversion erected in Clerkenwell, London operating in the 17th century. For more than four decades, it entertained audiences drawn primarily from the City and its suburbs, developing a reputation over the years for rowdiness. After Parliament closed the theatres in 1642, it continued to host illegal performances intermittently, and when the theatres reopened after the Restoration, it became a legitimate venue again. There is a myth that it burned down in the Great Fire of London but the direct reason for its end is unclear.
Contents
1 Design
2 History
2.1 Jacobean and Caroline
2.2 After 1642
3 Legacy
4 Notes
5 References
6 External links
Design
The Red Bull was constructed in about 1605 on St John Street in Clerkenwell.[1] Contemporary documents reveal that it was converted from a yard in an inn.[2] This origin accounts for its square-ish shape, shared, for example, by the original Fortune Theatre among playhouses of the time. The Red Bull inn's name may relate to drovers bringing cattle down St John Street toward the markets at Smithfield. The conversion was undertaken by Aaron Holland, owner of the inn from 1602, on land he had leased (along with an actor named Martin Slater) from Anne Bedingfeild.[3]
Evidence indicates that its size was comparable to Globe Theatre and Fortune, its competitors. In its early days, the company of Queen Anna of Denmark's men offered credible competition to the King's Men and Prince Henry's Men. W. C. Lawrence argued that the theatre was roofed over in the early 1620s, but this idea was largely refuted by Leslie Hotson and G. E. Bentley. The Red Bull was most likely similar to the other outdoor theatres against which it competed, with an uncurtained thrust-forward stage backed by a tiring house and balcony, surrounded by standing room, and overlooked by galleries on three walls. It may well have held more than the capacity of The Globe.[4]
History
Jacobean and Caroline
A draft royal patent for the Queen's company, mentioning Thomas Greene, its clown, suggests that it was formed in about 1604, and that the playhouse was built for that troupe.[5] In addition to Greene, Martin Slater, Aaron Holland (a servant of the Earl of Devonshire), Thomas Swinnerton and Christopher Beeston were known to have owned shares in the enterprise.[6][7] Perhaps because they had learned from Philip Henslowe's recent problems with neighbourhood opposition in building the Fortune, they did not approach the court for approval until they had already placated their parish neighbours—as Henslowe had—by contributing to poor relief.
Queen Anna's men's repertoire included works by prominent playwrights. Thomas Heywood, actor in the company, contributed the greatest part. John Webster's The White Devil and The Devil's Law-case, Thomas Dekker's If This Be Not A Good Play, the Devil Is in It, and John Cooke's well-known Greene's Tu Quoque were also included. They also came into possession of some older plays, including Christopher Marlowe's Edward II. The audience appears to have disapproved of The White Devil in 1611, and in later years the Red Bull as the cause of, or scene of, noted riots which are recorded in court cases.[8]
In 1616, the Queen's men, now directed by impresario Christopher Beeston, moved into Beeston's new indoor Cockpit Theatre.[9] This was in emulation of the King's Men's acquirement of the Blackfriars, the company now having both the outdoor Red Bull and the Indoor Cockpit. On Shrove Tuesday 1617, a mob of apprentices attacked the Cockpit but the theatre was re-established and was a successful venue into the Restoration. The first company was succeeded at the Red Bull by Prince Charles's Men. The disintegration of Queen Anna's men after Anne's death in 1619 produced a little-understood reshuffling of these companies. In the decline of the Jacobean period, this company produced plays including Dekker and Massinger's The Virgin Martyr, Thomas May's The Heir, and Gervase Markham and William Sampson's Herod and Antipater.
After James's death, Charles assumed patronage of the King's Men, and the former Prince Charles's Men disbanded. From this date, an even less reputable company took up residence at the Red Bull. Scholars generally call this troupe the Red Bull company, as the actors called themselves when in London; when touring, as they did frequently, they styled themselves the King's Players. In 1627, Henry Herbert, acting on a request from John Heminges, ordered this company to cease performing Shakespeare's plays. In November 1629, the theatre hosted visiting French actors who had earlier played at the Fortune and Blackfriars Theatre; a contemporary reference may indicate that this troupe, which included women, was poorly received in Clerkenwell.
By 1634, the Red Bull housed a new company patronized by the child Prince Charles II. By this point, the Red Bull's reputation was tarnished. But the new company boasted a popular comedian, Andrew Cane, and it was able to survive the Privy Council's anger over the slanderous play The Whore New Vamped, which mocked an alderman by name and complained of recently levied taxes.
After 1642
Along with all the other theatres in London, the Red Bull was closed for plays in 1642 by the Commonwealth. In the short term, the prohibition was of limited effect; as late as 1648, the Red Bull hosted a performance of Fletcher's Wit Without Money; advertisements for the performance were thrown into gentlemen's carriages. There followed a crackdown on performances by Parliament, which grew wiser to the real implications of advertisements for "rope dancing" and other entertainments at the old theatres. On 20 December 1649, the Red Bull was successfully raided, a number of actors arrested and imprisoned, and their clothes and properties confiscated.
The Red Bull is the only theatre incontestably associated with drolls, brief farces taken from the most popular older plays. In 1653, Robert Cox was arrested at the Red Bull for a performance which crossed the line and was deemed a play. Sir William Davenant and Sir George Fletcher reportedly watched a play at the Red Bull in February or March 1655.[10] In September 1655, the Red Bull was raided again as part of the same sterner attitude that led Cromwell's soldiers to deface the Fortune and Blackfriars, and actors were arrested for performing there in 1659.
A collection of drolls was published by Francis Kirkman, some attributed to "the incomparable Robert Cox", as The Wits (1662, and enlarged 1672–73). Kirkman said many had been performed at the Red Bull; however, the frontispiece to his volume does not necessarily represent a performance at the venue, as was once assumed.[11]
The theatre was re-opened in 1660 upon the Restoration of the monarchy, as home for Michael Mohun's company and George Jolly's troupe. Its new management returned to the business of staging crowd-pleasing drama; Samuel Pepys recorded seeing a revival of William Rowley's All's Lost by Lust there.[12] The Red Bull came to an end around 1665 or 1666, but this had nothing to do with the Great Fire of London, which stopped some distance south.
Buildings were constructed on the site of the playhouse, and the outline of its structure, including the passageway from the auditorium to St John Street, can still be traced at its location off Woodbridge Street.
Legacy
Founded in 2003, Red Bull Theater of New York City takes its name and inspiration from the original Red Bull. Productions have included Pericles (2003), The Revenger's Tragedy (2005/6), Edward the Second (2007), Women Beware Women (2008), The Duchess of Malfi (2010), The Witch of Edmonton (2011), The Maids (2012), Volpone (2012), Loot (2014), The Mystery of Irma Vep (2014), 'Tis Pity She's a Whore (2015), The Changeling (2016), The School for Scandal (2016), Coriolanus (2016), The Government Inspector (2017).[13]
Notes
^ Griffith 2001, pp. 5–23.
^ Griffith 2011, p. 577.
^ Griffith 2008.
^ Griffith 2001, p. 15.
^ Griffith 2013, pp. 62–63.
^ Wickham, Berry & Ingram 2000, pp. 570–579.
^ Griffith 2009, pp. 611–612.
^ Wickham, Berry & Ingram 2000, pp. 569–570.
^ Griffith 2013, pp. 232–233.
^ Deborah C. Payne, "Patronage and the Dramatic Marketplace under Charles I and II," in Brown; p. 167.
^ Astington, John H. (1993). "The Wits Illustration 1662". Theatre Notebook. 47: 122–40..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
^ Latham, Robert; William, Matthews, eds. (1970). The Diary of Samuel Pepys .mw-parser-output .noitalic{font-style:normal}
(11 vols.). 2. London: Bell & Hyman. p. 58. ISBN 071351552X. templatestyles stripmarker in|title=at position 27 (help)
^ Red Bull Theater New York City
References
Adams, J. Q. (1916). Shakespearean Playhouses. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Bentley, G. E. (1968). The Jacobean and Caroline Stage. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 7 volumes.
Brown, Charles Cedric, ed. (1993). Patronage, Politics, and Literary Traditions in England, 1558–1658. Detroit: Wayne State University Press.
Griffith, Eva (2001). "New Material for a Jacobean Theatre: The Red Bull Theatre on the Seckford Estate". Theatre Notebook. 55.
Griffith, Eva (2008) [2004]. "Bedingfeild [née Draper], Anne (1560–1641)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/74436.
(Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
—— (2009). "Christopher Beeston: his Property and Properties". In Dutton, Richard. The Oxford Handbook of Early Modern Theatre. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199287246.
—— (2011). "Martin Slatiar and the Red Bull Playhouse". Huntington Library Quarterly. 74.
—— (2013). A Jacobean Company and its Playhouse: The Queen's Servants at the Red Bull Theatre (c.1605–1619). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107041882.
Kirkman, Francis (1932). Elson, John James, ed. The Wits, or Sport Upon Sport. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Thomson, Peter (2004). The Cambridge History of British Theatre, Volume I, Origins to 1660. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Wickham, Glynne; Berry, Herbert; Ingram, William (2000). English Professional Theatre 1530–1660. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521100828.
External links
Shakespearean Playhouses, by Joseph Quincy Adams Jr. from Project Gutenberg
Coordinates: 51°31′27″N 0°6′16″W / 51.52417°N 0.10444°W / 51.52417; -0.10444
