Ruby on Rails




Not to be confused with Ruby (programming language).
















































Ruby on Rails
Ruby On Rails Logo.svg
Original author(s) David Heinemeier Hansson
Initial release 13 December 2005; 13 years ago (2005-12-13)[1]
Stable release 5.2.2 (December 4, 2018; 39 days ago (2018-12-04)[2]) [±]

Repository
  • github.com/rails/rails
Edit this at Wikidata
Written in Ruby
Operating system Cross-platform
Size 18.2 MB[3]
Type Web application framework
License MIT License
Website rubyonrails.org

Ruby on Rails, or Rails, is a server-side web application framework written in Ruby under the MIT License. Rails is a model–view–controller (MVC) framework, providing default structures for a database, a web service, and web pages. It encourages and facilitates the use of web standards such as JSON or XML for data transfer, HTML, CSS and JavaScript for user interfacing. In addition to MVC, Rails emphasizes the use of other well-known software engineering patterns and paradigms, including convention over configuration (CoC), don't repeat yourself (DRY), and the active record pattern.[4]


Ruby on Rails' emergence in the 2000s greatly influenced web app development, through innovative features such as seamless database table creations, migrations, and scaffolding of views to enable rapid application development. Ruby on Rails' influence on other web frameworks remains apparent today, with many frameworks in other languages borrowing its ideas, including Django in Python, Catalyst in Perl, Laravel in PHP, Phoenix in Elixir, and Sails.js in Node.js.




Contents






  • 1 History


  • 2 Technical overview


    • 2.1 Framework structure


    • 2.2 Deployment




  • 3 Philosophy and design


  • 4 Trademarks


  • 5 Reception


    • 5.1 Scalability


    • 5.2 Security




  • 6 References


  • 7 Bibliography


  • 8 External links





History


David Heinemeier Hansson extracted Ruby on Rails from his work on the project management tool Basecamp at the web application company also called Basecamp.[5]
Hansson first released Rails as open source in July 2004, but did not share commit rights to the project until February 2005.[citation needed] In August 2006, the framework reached a milestone when Apple announced that it would ship Ruby on Rails with Mac OS X v10.5 "Leopard",[6]
which was released in October 2007.


Rails version 2.3 was released on March 15, 2009, with major new developments in templates, engines, Rack and nested model forms. Templates enable the developer to generate a skeleton application with custom gems and configurations. Engines give developers the ability to reuse application pieces complete with routes, view paths and models. The Rack web server interface and Metal allow one to write optimized pieces of code that route around Action Controller.[7]


On December 23, 2008, Merb, another web application framework, was launched, and Ruby on Rails announced it would work with the Merb project to bring "the best ideas of Merb" into Rails 3, ending the "unnecessary duplication" across both communities.[8] Merb was merged with Rails as part of the Rails 3.0 release.[9][10]


Rails 3.1 was released on August 31, 2011, featuring Reversible Database Migrations, Asset Pipeline, Streaming, jQuery as default JavaScript library and newly introduced CoffeeScript and Sass into the stack.[11]


Rails 3.2 was released on January 20, 2012 with a faster development mode and routing engine (also known as Journey engine), Automatic Query Explain and Tagged Logging.[12] Rails 3.2.x is the last version that supports Ruby 1.8.7.[13] Rails 3.2.12 supports Ruby 2.0.[14]


Rails 4.0 was released on June 25, 2013, introducing Russian Doll Caching, Turbolinks, Live Streaming as well as making Active Resource, Active Record Observer and other components optional by splitting them as gems.[15]


Rails 4.1 was released on April 8, 2014, introducing Spring, Variants, Enums, Mailer previews, and secrets.yml.[16]


Rails 4.2 was released on December 19, 2014, introducing Active Job, asynchronous emails, Adequate Record, Web Console, and foreign keys.[17]


Rails 5.0 was released on June 30, 2016, introducing Action Cable, API mode, and Turbolinks 5.[18]


Rails 5.0.0.1 was released on August 10, 2016, with Exclusive use of rails CLI over Rake and support for Ruby version 2.2.2 and above.


Rails 5.1 was released on April 27, 2017, introducing JavaScript integration changes (management of JavaScript dependencies from NPM via Yarn, optional compilation of JavaScript using Webpack, and a rewrite of Rails UJS to use vanilla JavaScript instead of depending on jQuery), system tests using Capybara, encrypted secrets, parameterized mailers, direct & resolved routes, and a unified form_with helper replacing the form_tag/form_for helpers.[19]


Rails 5.2 was released on April 9, 2018, introducing new features that include ActiveStorage, built-in Redis Cache Store, updated Rails Credentials and a new DSL that allows for configuring a Content Security Policy for an application.[20]


Rails 5.2.2 was released on December 4, 2018, introducing numerous bug fixes and several logic improvements.[21]




























































































Version history
Version Date Notes

Old version, no longer supported: 1.0[22]
 December 13, 2005

Old version, no longer supported: 1.2[23]
 January 19, 2007

Old version, no longer supported: 2.0[24]
 December 7, 2007

Old version, no longer supported: 2.1[25]
 June 1, 2008

Old version, no longer supported: 2.2[26]
 November 21, 2008

Old version, no longer supported: 2.3[27]
 March 16, 2009

Old version, no longer supported: 3.0[28]
 August 29, 2010

Old version, no longer supported: 3.1[29]
 August 31, 2011

Old version, no longer supported: 3.2[30]
 January 20, 2012

Old version, no longer supported: 4.0[31]
 June 25, 2013

Old version, no longer supported: 4.1[16]
 April 8, 2014

Old version, no longer supported: 4.2[17]
 December 19, 2014

Older version, yet still supported: 5.0[18]
 June 30, 2016

Older version, yet still supported: 5.1[19]
 May 10, 2017

Current stable version: 5.2[32]
 April 9, 2018

Future release: 6.0[33]
 April 30, 2019
 "aspirational...release" date


Legend:

Old version

Older version, still supported

Latest version

Latest preview version

Future release



Technical overview


Like other web frameworks, Ruby on Rails uses the model–view–controller (MVC) pattern to organize application programming.


In a default configuration, a model in the Ruby on Rails framework maps to a table in a database and to a Ruby file. For example, a model class User will usually be defined in the file 'user.rb' in the app/models directory, and linked to the table 'users' in the database. While developers are free to ignore this convention and choose differing names for their models, files, and database table, this is not common practice and is usually discouraged in accordance with the "convention-over-configuration" philosophy.


A controller is a server-side component of Rails that responds to external requests from the web server to the application, by determining which view file to render. The controller may also have to query one or more models for information and pass these on to the view. For example, in an airline reservation system, a controller implementing a flight-search function would need to query a model representing individual flights to find flights matching the search, and might also need to query models representing airports and airlines to find related secondary data. The controller might then pass some subset of the flight data to the corresponding view, which would contain a mixture of static HTML and logic that use the flight data to create an HTML document containing a table with one row per flight. A controller may provide one or more actions. In Ruby on Rails, an action is typically a basic unit that describes how to respond to a specific external web-browser request. Also, note that the controller/action will be accessible for external web requests only if a corresponding route is mapped to it. Rails encourages developers to use RESTful routes, which include actions such as create, new, edit, update, destroy, show, and index. These mappings of incoming requests/routes to controller actions can be easily set up in the routes.rb configuration file.


A view in the default configuration of Rails is an erb file, which is evaluated and converted to HTML at run-time. Alternatively, many other templating systems can be used for views.


Ruby on Rails includes tools that make common development tasks easier "out-of-the-box", such as scaffolding that can automatically construct some of the models and views needed for a basic website.[34] Also included are WEBrick, a simple Ruby web server that is distributed with Ruby, and Rake, a build system, distributed as a gem. Together with Ruby on Rails, these tools provide a basic development environment.


Ruby on Rails is most commonly not connected to the Internet directly, but through some front-end web server. Mongrel was generally preferred[by whom?] over WEBrick in the early days,[citation needed] but it can also run on Lighttpd, Apache, Cherokee, Hiawatha, Nginx (either as a module – Phusion Passenger for example – or via CGI, FastCGI or mod_ruby), and many others. From 2008 onward, Passenger replaced Mongrel as the most-used web server for Ruby on Rails.[35] Ruby is also supported natively on the IBM i.[36]


Ruby on Rails is also noteworthy for its extensive use of the JavaScript libraries, Prototype and Script.aculo.us, for scripting Ajax actions.[37] Ruby on Rails initially utilized lightweight SOAP for web services; this was later replaced by RESTful web services. Ruby on Rails 3.0 uses a technique called Unobtrusive JavaScript to separate the functionality (or logic) from the structure of the web page. jQuery is fully supported as a replacement for Prototype and is the default JavaScript library in Rails 3.1, reflecting an industry-wide move towards jQuery. Additionally, CoffeeScript was introduced in Rails 3.1 as the default JavaScript language.


Since version 2.0, Ruby on Rails offers both HTML and XML as standard output formats. The latter is the facility for RESTful web services.


Rails 3.1 introduced Sass as standard CSS templating.


By default, the server uses Embedded Ruby in the HTML views, with files having an html.erb extension. Rails supports swapping-in alternative templating languages, such as HAML and Mustache.


Ruby on Rails 3.0 has been designed to work with Ruby 1.8.7, Ruby 1.9.2, and JRuby 1.5.2+; earlier versions are not supported.[38]


Ruby on Rails 3.2 is the last series of releases that support Ruby 1.8.7.



Framework structure


Ruby on Rails is separated into various packages, namely ActiveRecord (an object-relational mapping system for database access), Active Resource (provides web services), Action Pack, Active Support and Action Mailer. Prior to version 2.0, Ruby on Rails also included the Action Web Service package that is now replaced by Active Resource. Apart from standard packages, developers can make plugins to extend existing packages. Earlier Rails supported plugins within their own custom framework; version 3.2 deprecates these in favor of standard Ruby "gems".[39]



Deployment


Ruby on Rails is often installed using RubyGems, a package manager[40] which is included with current versions of Ruby. Many free Unix-like systems also support installation of Ruby on Rails and its dependencies through their native package management system.


Ruby on Rails is typically deployed with a database server such as MySQL or PostgreSQL, and a web server such as Apache running the Phusion Passenger module.



Philosophy and design


Ruby on Rails is intended to emphasize Convention over Configuration (CoC), and the Don't Repeat Yourself (DRY) principle.


"Convention over Configuration" means a developer only needs to specify unconventional aspects of the application. For example, if there is a class Sale in the model, the corresponding table in the database is called sales by default. It is only if one deviates from this convention, such as calling the table "products sold", that the developer needs to write code regarding these names. Generally, Ruby on Rails conventions lead to less code and less repetition.[41]


"Don't repeat yourself" means that information is located in a single, unambiguous place. For example, using the ActiveRecord module of Rails, the developer does not need to specify database column names in class definitions. Instead, Ruby on Rails can retrieve this information from the database based on the class name.


"Fat models, skinny controllers" means that most of the application logic should be placed within the model while leaving the controller as light as possible.



Trademarks


In March 2007, David Heinemeier Hansson filed three Ruby on Rails-related trademark applications to the USPTO. These applications regard the phrase "RUBY ON RAILS",[42] the word "RAILS",[43] and the official Rails logo.[44] As a consequence, in the summer of 2007, Hansson denied permission to Apress to use the Ruby on Rails logo on the cover of a new Ruby on Rails book written by some authoritative community members. The episode gave rise to a polite protest in the Ruby on Rails community.[45][46] In response to this criticism, Hansson replied:


I only grant promotional use [of the Rails logo] for products I'm directly involved with. Such as books that I've been part of the development process for or conferences where I have a say in the execution. I would most definitely seek to enforce all the trademarks of Rails.[45]



Reception



Scalability


Rails running on Matz's Ruby Interpreter (the de facto reference interpreter for Ruby) had been criticized for issues with scalability.[47] These critics often mentioned various Twitter outages in 2007 and 2008, which spurred Twitter's partial transition to Scala (which runs on the Java Virtual Machine) for their queueing system and other middleware.[48][49] The user interface aspects of the site continued to run Ruby on Rails[50] until 2011 when it was replaced due to concerns over performance[51]


In 2011, Gartner Research noted that despite criticisms and comparisons to Java, many high-profile consumer web firms are using Ruby on Rails to build scalable web applications. Some of the largest sites running Ruby on Rails include Airbnb, GitHub, Scribd, Shopify, Hulu, and Basecamp.[52] As of January 2016, it is estimated that more than 1.2 million web sites are running Ruby on Rails.[53][54]



Security


In March 2012, security researcher Egor Homakov discovered a "mass assignment" vulnerability that allowed certain Rails applications to be remotely exploited, and demonstrated it by non-maliciously hacking GitHub after his earlier attempts at responsible disclosure were dismissed.[55]


On September 24, 2013, a session cookie persistence security flaw was reported in Ruby on Rails. In a default configuration, the entire session hash is stored within a session cookie known as CookieStore, allowing any authenticated session possessing the session cookie to log in as the target user at any time in the future. As a workaround, administrators are advised to configure cookies to be stored on the server using mechanisms such as ActiveRecordStore.[56]


Researchers Daniel Jackson and Joseph Near developed a data debugger they called "Space" that can analyze the data access of a Rails program and determine if the program properly adheres to rules regarding access restrictions. On April 15, 2016, Near reported that an analysis of 50 popular Web applications using Space uncovered 23 previously unknown security flaws.[57]



References





  1. ^ David. "Rails 1.0: Party like it's one oh oh!". Ruby on Rails. Retrieved 2017-03-01..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}


  2. ^ {{cite web|https://weblog.rubyonrails.org/2018/12/4/Rails-5-2-2-has-been-released/%7Cwebsite=Ruby on Rails|author=rafaelfranca|accessdate=2018-12-4|title=Rails 5.2.2 has been released!}


  3. ^ "Release v5.1.1 · rails/rails · GitHub". Retrieved 25 June 2017.


  4. ^ "Getting Started with Rails: What Is Rails?". Ruby on Rails Guides. Retrieved 10 August 2014.


  5. ^ Grimmer, Lenz−− (February 2006). "Interview with David Heinemeier Hansson from Ruby on Rails". MySQL AB. Archived from the original on February 25, 2013. Retrieved 2008-06-08.


  6. ^ Hansson, David (August 7, 2006). "Ruby on Rails will ship with OS X 10.5 (Leopard)". Retrieved 2008-06-08.


  7. ^ Hansson, David (March 16, 2009). "Rails 2.3: Templates, Engines, Rack, Metal, much more!".


  8. ^ "The day Merb joined Rails". 2008-12-27. Archived from the original on 2013-02-09.


  9. ^ "Ruby on Rails 3.0 Release Notes — Ruby on Rails Guides". Edgeguides.rubyonrails.org. Retrieved 2017-05-24.


  10. ^ "Ruby on Rails 3.0 goes modular". sdtimes.com. 2010-02-10. Retrieved 2010-08-06.


  11. ^ "Ruby on Rails 3.1 Release Notes". 2012-09-01.


  12. ^ "Ruby on Rails 3.2 Release Notes". 2012-09-01.


  13. ^ "Rails/master is now 4.0.0.beta". 2012-09-01.


  14. ^ Rails 3.2.x is now compatible with Ruby 2.0.0 by sikachu · Pull Request #9406 · rails/rails · GitHub. Github.com. Retrieved on 2014-05-30.


  15. ^ "Rails 4.0: Final version released! | Riding Rails". Weblog.rubyonrails.org. 2013-06-25. Retrieved 2017-05-24.


  16. ^ ab "Rails 4.1.0: Spring, Variants, Enums, Mailer previews, secrets.yml". weblog.rubyonrails.org.


  17. ^ ab "Rails 4.2: Active Job, Asynchronous Mails, Adequate Record, Web Console, Foreign Keys". Ruby on Rails. Retrieved 5 Dec 2015.


  18. ^ ab "Rails 5.0: Action Cable, API mode, and so much more". Ruby on Rails. Retrieved 19 Nov 2016.


  19. ^ ab "Rails 5.1: Loving JavaScript, System Tests, Encrypted Secrets, and more". Ruby on Rails. Retrieved 10 May 2017.


  20. ^ "Rails 5.2.0 FINAL: Active Storage, Redis Cache Store, HTTP/2 Early Hints, CSP, Credentials". Ruby on Rails. Retrieved 9 April 2018.


  21. ^ rafaelfranca (2018-12-04). "Rails 5.2.2 has been released!". Riding Rails. Retrieved 2019-01-04.


  22. ^ "Rails 1.0: Party like it's one oh oh!". Riding Rails. Retrieved June 9, 2010.


  23. ^ "Rails 1.2: REST admiration, HTTP lovefest, and UTF-8 celebrations" Archived 2012-11-02 at the Wayback Machine.. Riding Rails. Retrieved June 9, 2010.


  24. ^ "Rails 2.0: It's done!". Riding Rails. Retrieved June 9, 2010.


  25. ^ Rails 2.1: Time zones, dirty, caching, gem dependencies, caching, etc Archived 2012-11-02 at the Wayback Machine.. Riding Rails. Retrieved June 9, 2010.


  26. ^ "Rails 2.2: i18n, HTTP validators, thread safety, JRuby/1.9 compatibility, docs". Riding Rails. Retrieved June 9, 2010.


  27. ^ "Rails 2.3: Templates, Engines, Rack, Metal, much more!". Riding Rails. Retrieved June 9, 2010.


  28. ^ "Rails 3.0: It's ready!". Riding Rails. Retrieved August 30, 2010.


  29. ^ "bumping to 3.1.0". Github.com.


  30. ^ "Preparing for 3.2.0 release". Github.com.


  31. ^ "Rails 4 in 30'". blog.wyeworks.com.


  32. ^ dhh. "Rails 5.2.0 FINAL: Active Storage, Redis Cache Store, HTTP/2 Early Hints, CSP, Credentials". Ruby on Rails. Retrieved 2018-04-10.


  33. ^ dhh (2018-12-20). "Timeline for the release of Rails 6.0". Riding Rails. Retrieved 2019-01-04.


  34. ^ Sean Lynch (2007-12-15). "fairleads: Rails 2.0 and Scaffolding Step by Step". Fairleads.blogspot.com. Retrieved 2017-05-24.


  35. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2009-07-07. Retrieved 2012-12-03.CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)


  36. ^ Maxcer, Chris. "PowerRuby Brings Enterprise Ruby on Rails Support to IBM i". iPro Developer. Archived from the original on 9 October 2013. Retrieved 9 May 2014.


  37. ^ Js_Escape_Map. "ActionView::Helpers::JavaScriptHelper". Api.rubyonrails.org. Retrieved 2017-05-24.


  38. ^ "Rails 3.0: It's ready!". rubyonrails.org. Retrieved 2010-08-30. Rails 3.0 has been designed to work with Ruby 1.8.7, Ruby 1.9.2, and JRuby 1.5.2+.


  39. ^ "Rails 3.2.0.rc2 has been released!". Weblog.rubyonrails.org. 2012-09-01.


  40. ^ "Ruby on Rails: Download". RubyonRails.org. Archived from the original on 2009-12-12.


  41. ^
    "Getting Started with Rails". Rubyonrails.org. Retrieved 2014-03-10.


  42. ^ ""Ruby on Rails" Trademark Status". USPTO. Retrieved 2007-08-01.


  43. ^ ""Rails" Trademark Status". USPTO. Retrieved 2007-08-01.


  44. ^ "Rails Logo Trademark Status". USPTO. Retrieved 2007-08-01.


  45. ^ ab Forde, Pete (2007-07-23). "Beginning Rails: From Novice to Professional". Archived from the original on August 5, 2007. Retrieved 2007-08-01.


  46. ^ Cooper, Peter (2007-07-24). "David Heinemeier Hansson says No to Use of Rails Logo". Retrieved 2007-08-01.


  47. ^ "5 Question Interview with Twitter Developer Alex Payne". radicalbehavior.com. 2007-03-29. Archived from the original on April 23, 2009. Retrieved 2014-11-04. By various metrics Twitter is the biggest Rails site on the net right now. Running on Rails has forced us to deal with scaling issues - issues that any growing site eventually contends with – far sooner than I think we would on another framework.


  48. ^ Steve Jenson; Alex Payne & Robey Pointer interview (2009-04-03). "Twitter on Scala". artima.com. Retrieved 2009-07-18. We had a Ruby-based queuing system that we used for communicating between the Rails front ends and the daemons, and we ended up replacing that with one written in Scala. The Ruby one actually worked pretty decently in a normal steady state, but the startup time and the crash behavior were undesirable.


  49. ^ "Twitter jilts Ruby for Scala". theregister.co.uk. 2009-04-01. Retrieved 2009-07-18. By the end of this year, Payne said, Twitter hopes to have its entire middleware infrastructure and its APIs ported to the new language. Ruby will remain, but only on the front end. "We're still happy with Rails for building user facing features... performance-wise, it's fine for people clicking around web pages. It's the heavy lifting, asynchronous processing type of stuff that we've moved away from."


  50. ^ ryan king (2009-09-25). "Twitter on Ruby". evan weaver. Retrieved 2009-09-29. We use Scala for a few things at Twitter, but the majority of the site is Ruby.


  51. ^ "Twitter Search is Now 3x Faster". Twitter. Retrieved June 6, 2014.


  52. ^ "Here's Why Ruby On Rails Is Hot". Business Insider. Archived from the original on December 21, 2011. Retrieved February 10, 2012.


  53. ^ "Ruby on Rails Usage Statistics". trends.builtwith.com. Retrieved 2016-01-04.


  54. ^ "Ruby on Rails Token Usage Statistics". trends.builtwith.com. Retrieved 2016-01-04.


  55. ^ Protalinski, Emil. "How GitHub handled getting hacked". Zdnet.com. Retrieved 2017-05-24.


  56. ^ Brook, Chris (2013-09-25). "Security Issue in Ruby on Rails Could Expose Cookies". Threat Post. The Kaspersky Lab Security News Service. Retrieved 2014-06-04.


  57. ^ "Patching up Web applications". MIT News. Retrieved 2016-04-21.




Bibliography


.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{list-style-type:none;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>dl>dd{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}



  • Ruby, Sam; Thomas, Dave; Hansson, David (March 28, 2009). "Agile Web Development with Rails" (Third ed.). Pragmatic Bookshelf: 850. ISBN 1-934356-16-6.


  • Laurent, Simon St.; Dumbill, Edd (November 28, 2008). "Learning Rails" (First ed.). O'Reilly Media: 442. ISBN 0-596-51877-3.


  • Lenz, Patrick (May 1, 2008). "Simply Rails 2" (Second ed.). SitePoint: 450. ISBN 0-9804552-0-0.


  • Tate, Bruce; Hibbs, Curt (August 22, 2006). "Ruby on Rails: Up and Running" (First ed.). O'Reilly Media: 182. ISBN 0-596-10132-5.


  • Holzner Ph.D., Steve (November 29, 2006). "Beginning Ruby on Rails" (First ed.). Wrox: 380. ISBN 0-470-06915-5.


  • Allan Hardy, Jeffrey; Carneiro Jr, Cloves; Catlin, Hampton (July 20, 2007). "Beginning Ruby on Rails E-Commerce: From Novice to Professional" (First ed.). Wrox: 361. ISBN 1-59059-686-2.


  • Clark, Mike (May 15, 2008). "Advanced Rails Recipes" (First ed.). Pragmatic Bookshelf: 464. ISBN 0-9787392-2-1.




External links








  • Official website Edit this at Wikidata


  • The Rails Tutorial – The Ruby on Rails Tutorial book and screencast series teach you how to develop and deploy Ruby on Rails apps

  • Rails source code

  • Rails guides

  • Rails API










-

Popular posts from this blog

Eastern Orthodox Church

Image
Not to be confused with Oriental Orthodoxy, Eastern Christianity, or Eastern Catholic Churches. "Eastern Orthodoxy", "Orthodox Church", "Orthodox Catholic Church", and "Orthodox Christian Church" redirect here. For other uses, see Orthodox (disambiguation). This article may be too long to read and navigate comfortably . The readable prose size is 132 kilobytes. Please consider splitting content into sub-articles, condensing it, or adding or removing subheadings. ( January 2018 ) Part of a series on the Eastern Orthodox Church Mosaic of Christ Pantocrator, Hagia Sophia Overview Structure Theology (History of theology) Liturgy Church history Holy Mysteries View of salvation View of Mary View of icons Background Crucifixion / Resurrection / Ascension of Jesus Christianity Christian Church Apostolic succession Four Marks of the Church Orthodoxy Organization Autocephaly Patriarchate ...
Read more

Zagreb

Image
This article is about the Croatian capital city. For other uses, see Zagreb (disambiguation). City in City of Zagreb, Croatia Zagreb City Grad Zagreb City of Zagreb Clockwise, from top: St. Mark's Square, Croatian State Archives, Zagreb Tram, Art Pavilion, Cibona & HOTO towers and Croatian National Theatre. Flag Coat of arms Zagreb Location of Zagreb in Croatia Show map of Croatia Zagreb Zagreb (Europe) Show map of Europe Coordinates: 45°49′N 15°59′E  /  45.817°N 15.983°E  / 45.817; 15.983 Coordinates: 45°49′N 15°59′E  /  45.817°N 15.983°E  / 45.817; 15.983 Country   Croatia County City of Zagreb RC diocese 1094 Free royal city 1242 Unified 1850 Subdivisions 17 city districts 218 local committees (70 settlements) Government  • Type Mayor-Council  • Mayor Milan Bandić (BM 365)  • City Assembly 51 members BM 365, ZL, NS-R (14) SDP, GLAS, HNS, HSS, NH-PS (13) ...
Read more

Understanding the information contained in the Deep Space Network XML data?

Image
up vote 1 down vote favorite NASA's Deep Space Network activity can be viewed conveniently at https://eyes.nasa.gov/dsn/dsn.html but if you would like data in a more raw XML form, it can be accessed as described in this answer Below is a small Python script that reads the XML into a list of dictionaries, and saves it to disk as a JSON. The dictionaries are organized at the higher level by dish, then by spacecraft per dish. Question: What are the most-likely meanings of all the data field contained in the Deep Space Network XML data? This is the example url from the other answer, used in the script below: https://eyes.nasa.gov/dsn/data/1365107113.xml def dictify(r,root=True): # https://stackoverflow.com/questions/2148119/how-to-convert-an-xml-string-to-a-dictionary-in-python/30923963#30923963 if root: ret...
Read more