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Boots UK Ltd

Formerly	Boots the Chemists Boots Cash Chemists
Type	Subsidiary
Industry	Pharmaceuticals Healthcare Beauty Photography
Founded	1849; 170 years ago (1849), Nottingham, United Kingdom
Founder	John Boot
Headquarters	Beeston, Nottingham, United Kingdom
Area served	United Kingdom Republic of Ireland Thailand South Korea
Key people	Sebastian James, President and Managing Director, Boots UK and ROI (since September 2018)
Brands	No7, natural collection and Soap and Glory – Skincare Soltan – Sun cream
Number of employees	56,000 (UK) 1,900 (Ireland)
Parent	Walgreens Boots Alliance (2014–present)
Subsidiaries	Boots Opticians Boots Retail Ireland
Website	boots-uk.com

Boots UK^[1] (formerly Boots the Chemists Ltd),^[2] trading as Boots, is a health and beauty retailer and pharmacy chain in the United Kingdom, Ireland, other territories. The parent company,^[3] The Boots Company Plc, merged with Alliance UniChem in 2006 to form Alliance Boots.^[4] In 2007, Alliance Boots was bought by Kohlberg Kravis Roberts and Stefano Pessina, taking the company private, and moving its headquarters to Switzerland, the first ever FTSE 100 company bought by a private equity firm. In 2012, Walgreens bought a 45% stake in Alliance Boots, with the option to buy the rest within three years. It exercised this option in 2014, and as a result Boots became a subsidiary of the new company, Walgreens Boots Alliance, on 31 December 2014.

The company operates almost 2,500 shops across the United Kingdom and Ireland ranging from local pharmacies to large health and beauty shops.^[5] Their shops are primarily located on the high streets and in shopping centres. It sells many health and beauty products, and also provides optician and hearing care services within shops and as standalone practices. Boots also operates a retail website and since 1997 it runs a loyalty card programme called the Boots Advantage Card.

History

1849 to 2000

An advertisement for Boots from 1911

Boots was established in 1849, by John Boot. After his father's death in 1860, Jesse Boot, aged 10, helped his mother run the family's herbal medicine shop in Nottingham,^[6] which was incorporated as Boot and Co. Ltd in 1883, becoming Boots Pure Drug Company Ltd in 1888. In 1920, Jesse Boot sold the company to the American United Drug Company.^[7] However, because of deteriorating economic circumstances in North America Boots was sold back into British hands in 1933.^[7] The grandson of the founder, John Boot, who inherited the title Baron Trent from his father, headed the company.^[8] The Boots Pure Drug Company name was changed to The Boots Company Limited in 1871.

Between 1898 and 1966, many branches of Boots incorporated a lending library department, known as Boots Book-Lovers' Library.

Boots diversified into the research and manufacturing of drugs with its development of the Ibuprofen painkiller during the 1960s, invented by John Nicholson and Stewart Adams. The company was awarded the Queen's Award For Technical Achievement for this in 1987. A major research focus of Boots in the 1980s was the drug for congestive heart failure Manoplax.^[9] The withdrawal from market of Manoplax due to safety concerns in 1993 caused major pressure from investors, and in 1994, Boots divested its prescription drugs division, which had become no longer viable, to BASF.^[10][11] In 2006, it sold the Nurofen brand to Reckitt Benckiser.^[12] The 2006 sale of Boots Healthcare International included everything made by Crookes Healthcare, based on the Nottingham site.

In 1968 Boots acquired the 622-strong Timothy Whites and Taylors Ltd chain.^[7] Boots expanded into Canada by purchasing the Tamblyn Drugs chain circa 1978. Most Canadian Boots shops were converted to Pharma Plus in 1989, although a handful of locations remained as late as 1993, if not later.^{[citation needed]} In 1982, the company opened a new manufacturing plant in Cramlington, Northumberland.^[7] In the early 1990s, Boots began to diversify and bought Halfords, the bicycle and car parts business in 1991.^[13] It also developed the Children's World business but sold it in 1996 to Mothercare.^[14] Halfords was sold in 2002.^[15]

Boots Opticians Ltd was formed in 1987 with the acquisition of Clement Clarke Ltd and Curry and Paxton Ltd. Boots Opticians became the UK's second largest retail optics chain. In 2009 Boots Opticians acquired Dollond & Aitchison, an optician chain which was founded in 1750.

Boots diversified into dentistry in 1998, with a number of shops offering this service.^[16] Boots sold its Do-It-All home furnishings chain to Focus in 1998.^[17] Boots also made a venture into "Wellbeing" services offering customers treatments ranging from facials, homoeopathy, and nutritional advice to laser eye surgery and Botox but these services were abandoned in 2003, despite a launch that included a dedicated Freeview and Sky TV channel of the same name, and even redirecting web traffic from boots.com to wellbeing.com^[18]

2000 to present

Boots branch in Yorkshire

Boots branch in Belfast

In late 2004, Boots sold its laser eye surgery business to Optical Express.^[19]

In October 2005, a merger with Alliance UniChem was announced by the then chairman, Sir Nigel Rudd. The CEO Richard Baker left, and the new group became Alliance Boots plc. The merger became effective on 31 July 2006.^[20]

Alliance Boots was purchased by Kohlberg Kravis Roberts and Stefano Pessina, the deputy chairman of the company, in April 2007 for £11.1 billion, taking the company private and beating a rival bid from Guy Hands' Terra Firma Capital Partners.^[21] This was the first ever instance of a FTSE 100 company having been bought by a private equity firm.^[22] In June 2008, the group headquarters were moved to Zug, Switzerland. According to John Ralfe, Boots' former head of corporate finance, "the UK has lost about £100m a year in tax as result".^[23]

'Boots the Chemists Limited' was re-registered under the name 'Boots UK Limited' on 1 October 2007.^[24] Management of all staff was moved to Boots Management Services Limited on 1 July 2010.^[25]

On 19 June 2012, it was announced that Walgreens, the United States' largest chemist chain, would purchase a 45% stake in Alliance Boots for US$6.7 billion. The deal was said to be a long term plan to give maximum exposure to both brands, Boots more so in the US and, Walgreens more so in the UK and in China through Boots' presence in that market. The deal gave the option to complete a full merger of the organisations within three years costing an extra $9.5bn.^[26] Walgreens confirmed on 6 August 2014 that it would purchase the remaining 55% and merge with Alliance Boots to form a new holding company, Walgreens Boots Alliance Inc.^[27] Walgreens and Boots both become subsidiaries of the new company on 31 December 2014.

Products

Boots sells medicines, health and beauty products. Some branches have a food and drink range in the form of lunchtime meal deals.^[28]

Controversies

Sale of homeopathic products

In 2009 Boots Superintendent Pharmacist Paul Bennett was interviewed by the House of Commons Science and Technology Committee about the company’s sale of homeopathic medicines. He told the committee that the company had no evidence to suggest that homeopathic medicines are efficacious but Boots sold them anyway, for reasons of “consumer choice”.^[29] The comments attracted significant media attention.
^[30][31][32]

In 2010, protesters staged a mass homeopathy ‘overdose’ outside Boots stores.
^[33][34]

Charging the NHS for carrying out unnecessary medicine reviews

In April 2016, the Pharmacists' Defence Association stated that company managers were exploiting the NHS by insisting that each outlet carry out medicine use reviews, even if patients didn’t need them. The NHS pays £28 per review up to a maximum of 400 per shop.^[35]The Guardian stated that the General Pharmaceutical Council was poised to investigate.^[36]

2016 reports of workplace pressure

At the same time as the article about medicines reviews, The Guardian published a longer report on the same day called 'How Boots went Rogue', which told the story from the eyes of a Boots pharmacist talking about working conditions at the company. It also covered the buyout of the company and the owners' financial approach.^[37] Four days later it published an articles with emails from pharmacists. Pharmacists had written about how "the chain allegedly compels staff to compromise ethics for targets". The article said "The letters editor believes this may be the largest haul of mail he has ever received about a single article. Others rang in."^[38] There were two further follow-up articles in the days following.^[39][40] The paper subsequently noted a letter purporting to be from an "independent pharmacist" criticising its stance on the issue which it identified as having been edited and amended by one of the firm's vice-presidents. The letter was emailed as a Word document and contained tracked changes.^[41]

Following the Guardian reports, Boots announced the departure of UK operations director, Simon Roberts, in June 2016.^[42][43]

BBC documentary and press coverage in 2018

On 8 January 2018, the BBC showed a documentary called "Boots: Pharmacists under Pressure?" about the deaths of three patients following dispensing errors. It also featured accounts from three whistleblowers, who alleged that there were staffing issues at the company. One of the whistleblowers, who had formerly worked in a patient safety role, stated that Boots had calculated that in excess of £100m additional investment in staffing was required each year in its pharmacies and to meet the company's expectations of its staff.^[44] The BBC also published two articles on the same day.^[45][46][47]

A separate article almost three weeks later told the story of a patient who was given the wrong medicine in December 2017 by a "frazzled" pharmacist. The patient said there was clearly a staffing issue.^[48]

Boots had told the BBC documentary makers that there had been no further patient deaths associated with dispensing errors since 2015. However, in July 2018, it was reported that an error had occurred in 2016 in which two lots of the same medicines were dispensed and supplied to the same patient, Richard Lee, who subsequently died. The error was found at a coroner’s inquest to have contributed to his death.^[49][50]

Supply of the "morning after pill"

In July 2017, the British Pregnancy Advisory Service (BPAS) revealed that Boots was selling emergency contraceptive medication at four times the cost price and had refused requests to join rival pharmacy retail chains, including Superdrug and Tesco, which had agreed to cease profiting financially in this way.^[51] In a written response to BPAS, Boots revealed that they were frequently contacted by individuals who disapproved of the dispensing of such medication, which might be viewed as "incentivising inappropriate use",^[52][53] an assertion which campaigners described as "insulting and sexist".^[54] BPAS called on the public to boycott the company and email them requesting that they reverse the policy. Following the boycott's launch, lawyers representing Boots alleged that the online complaint form created by BPAS had resulted in a "torrent of abuse" to five of Boots' senior managers and that BPAS had facilitated and tacitly encouraged harassment by naming individual staff members on the form. In response, BPAS stated that Boots had "failed to provide any evidence of abuse sent through the campaign".^[55] In November 2017, more than 130 Labour politicians signed a letter criticising Boots' failure to fulfil its promise to stock a low-cost alternative in its shops by October.^[56] At the end of January 2018, Boots confirmed that it was now offering the cheaper medication in all of its pharmacies.^[57]

Throughout the media coverage, a May–July 2017 pricelist from its wholesaler and sister company Alliance Healthcare stated that the "Normal Retail Price inc. VAT" of Levonelle One Step was £12.72.^[58] Levonelle One Step was the morning after pill which was the subject of the media attention, and which Boots was selling for £28.25. This does not appear to have been picked up on by the press.

Pharmacist suicide

On 25 October 2017, a debate was held in the House of Commons about pharmacists' mental health and the support that employers give to employees. Much of the discussion focused on the suicide of a Boots pharmacist, Alison Stamps, in May 2015, and Boots' response was criticised. Part of a letter from Alison Stamps’ parents was read out by MP Kevan Jones, which said: “It is clear that Alison was a victim of corporate greed and collateral damage by an uncaring company intent only on its own agenda.”^[59]

Overcharging the NHS for products

In February 2018, Boots was criticised for charging excessive prices for low-value products supplied to the NHS: in one case, it was found that the pharmacy was billing in excess of £1,500 for a moisturiser which normally retailed at less than £2.^[60] In May 2018, a further investigation by The Times found that on at least five occasions between 2013 and 2017, Boots had charged over £3,200 for a medicinal mouthwash used to treat mouth ulcers in chemotherapy patients, in comparison to an independent supplier which had charged the equivalent of £93 for the same product. The investigation found that Boots had ordered the product from Alliance Healthcare, a supplier owned by Boots' parent company. In response, a spokesman for Walgreens Boots Alliance rejected accusations of overcharging the NHS and claimed that the bespoke nature of the orders, often requested at short notice, results in the high cost.^[61][62]

The Boots Charitable Trust

The company funds the Boots Charitable Trust, which is an independent registered charity in the UK, administrated by Nottinghamshire Community Foundation. The trust was established in the early 1970s to fund registered charities benefiting people who live in Nottinghamshire.^[63]

D6 building in Beeston

The Boots Estate

The Boots Estate, near the Nottingham suburb of Beeston, features a range of listed buildings. This includes the two principal factory buildings, D6 and D10, designed by Sir Owen Williams and built in 1932 and 1935–38 respectively. Both are Grade I listed.^[64][65] The former fire station, D34, is also by Williams and is Grade II listed. The headquarters office building known as D90 is Grade II* and was built to designs by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill in 1966–68.^[66] Staff have a restaurant, coffee and snack shops, newsagent, a branch of Boots the Chemist, an opticians branch and cash point situated within landscaped grounds. The grounds include the Millennium Garden, which features a herb garden (with some plants that Jesse used in his original herbal remedies) in the shape of a goose foot – harking back to Jesse's original shop on Goose Gate, Nottingham.

The Boots Museum is now closed; however, historical items are in storage or on display in the reception area of the D90 building.

In popular culture

A reference to Boots is present in the song "Lazy Line Painter Jane" ^[67] by Scottish rock band Belle and Sebastian. "But you read in a book that you got free in Boots, there are lotions, there a potions you can take to hide your shame from all those prying eyes."

See also

• Pharmaceutical industry in the United Kingdom

References

Coordinates: 52°55′39″N 1°10′59″W / 52.92750°N 1.18306°W / 52.92750; -1.18306

Further reading

• Roberts, Cecil (1966) Achievement: a record of fifty years' progress of Boots Pure Drug Company Ltd London: Boots Pure Drug Company Ltd

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Boots the Chemist.

• Boots corporate website


• Boots retail website


• 
  Learning at Work Case study of Boots Foundation Degree in Logistics and Supply Chain Management


• 
  Documents and clippings about Boots UK in the 20th Century Press Archives of the German National Library of Economics (ZBW)