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HP-UX 11i

Developer	Hewlett-Packard Enterprise
Written in	C
OS family	Unix (System V)
Working state	Current
Source model	Closed source
Initial release	1982; 36 years ago (1982)
Latest release	11i v3 Update 16 / May 2017; 1 year ago (2017-05)
Marketing target	Server
Available in	English
Package manager	Software Distributor
Platforms	PA-RISC, IA-64
Kernel type	Monolithic with dynamically loadable modules
Default user interface	KDE, GNOME and CDE
License	Proprietary
Official website	www.hpe.com/info/hpux

HP Superdome running HP-UX 11.23 OS

HP 9000/425 workstation running HP-UX 9 with HP-VUE

The HP 9000-B180L workstation running HP-UX 10.20 with CDE

HP C8000 workstation running HP-UX 11i

HP-UX (from "Hewlett Packard Unix") is Hewlett Packard Enterprise's proprietary implementation of the Unix operating system, based on UNIX System V (initially System III) and first released in 1984. Recent versions support the HP 9000 series of computer systems, based on the PA-RISC instruction set architecture, and HP Integrity systems, based on Intel's Itanium architecture.

Earlier versions of HP-UX supported the HP Integral PC and HP 9000 Series 200, 300, and 400 computer systems based on the Motorola 68000 series of processors, as well as the HP 9000 Series 500 computers based on HP's proprietary FOCUS architecture.

HP-UX was the first Unix to offer access control lists for file access permissions as an alternative to the standard Unix permissions system.^{[citation needed]} HP-UX was also among the first Unix systems to include a built-in logical volume manager.^{[citation needed]} HP has had a long partnership with Veritas Software, and uses VxFS as the primary file system.

It is one of six commercial operating systems that have versions certified to The Open Group's UNIX 03 standard. (The others are macOS, Solaris, Inspur K-UX, Huawei EulerOS and AIX.)^[1]

Characteristics

HP-UX 11i offers a common root disk for its clustered file system. HP Serviceguard is the cluster solution for HP-UX. HP Global Workload Management adjusts workloads to optimize performance, and integrates with Instant Capacity on Demand so installed resources can be paid for in 30-minute increments as needed for peak workload demands.

HP-UX offers operating system-level virtualization features such as hardware partitions, isolated OS virtual partitions on cell-based servers, and HP Integrity Virtual Machines (HPVM) on all Integrity servers. HPVM supports guests running on HP-UX 11i v3 hosts – guests can run Linux, Windows, OpenVMS 8.4 or HP-UX. HP supports online VM guest migration, where encryption can secure the guest contents during migration.

HP-UX 11i v3 scales as follows (on a SuperDome 2 with 32 Intel Itanium 9560 processors):

• 256 processor cores
  


• 8 TB main memory
  


• 32 TB maximum file system
  


• 16 TB maximum file size


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Security

The 11i v2 release introduced kernel-based intrusion detection, strong random number generation, stack buffer overflow protection, security partitioning, role-based access management, and various open-source security tools.

HP classifies the operating system's security features into three categories: data, system and identity:^[2]

Context dependent files

Release 6.x (together with 3.x) introduced the context dependent files (CDF) feature, a method of allowing a fileserver to serve different configurations and binaries (and even architectures) to different client machines in a heterogeneous environment. A directory containing such files had its suid bit set and was made hidden from both ordinary and root processes under normal use. Such a scheme was sometimes exploited by intruders to hide malicious programs or data.^[4] CDFs and the CDF filesystem were dropped with release 10.0.

Supported hardware platforms

HP-UX operating systems supports a variety of PA-RISC systems. The 11.0 added support for Integrity-based servers for the transition from PA-RISC to Itanium. HP-UX 11i v1.5 is the first version that supported Itanium. On the introduction of HP-UX 11i v2 the operating system supported both of these architectures.^[5]

BL series

HP-UX 11i supports HP Integrity Servers of HP BL server blade family. These servers use the Intel Itanium architecture.

CX series

HP-UX 11i v2 and 11i v3 support HP's CX series servers. CX stands for carrier grade and is used mainly for telco industry with -48V DC support and is NEBS certified. Both of these systems contain Itanium Mad6M processors and are discontinued.

RX series

HP-UX supports HP's RX series of servers.^{[citation needed]}

Release history

Prior to the release of HP-UX version 11.11, HP used a decimal version numbering scheme with the first number giving the major release and the number following the decimal showing the minor release. With 11.11, HP made a marketing decision to name their releases 11i followed by a v(decimal-number) for the version. The i was intended to indicate the OS is Internet-enabled, but the effective result was a dual version-numbering scheme.

Version history

Versions

1.0 (1982)

First release for HP 9000 Series 500. HP-UX for Series 500 was substantially different that HP-UX for any other HP machines, as it was layered atop a Series 500 specific operating system called SUNOS (unrelated to the Sun Microsystems SunOS).

1.0 (1984)

AT&T System III based. Support for the HP Integral PC (HP 9807A). The kernel runs from ROM; other commands are disk based.

2.0 (1984)

First release for HP's early Motorola 68000-based workstations (HP 9816U, HP 9826U, HP 9836U)

5.0 (1985)

ROM-based AT&T System V for the HP Integral PC. Distinct from a later HP-UX 5.x for Series 200/300.

3.x (1988)

HP 9000 Series 600/800 only. Note: 2.x/3.x (for Series 600/800) were developed in parallel with 5.x/6.x (for Series 200/300/400), so, for example, 3.x was really contemporary with 6.x. The two lines were united at HP-UX 7.x.

6.x (1988)

Support for HP 9000 Series 300 only. Introduced sockets from 4.3BSD. This version (together with 3.x) also introduced the above-discussed context dependent files (CDF), which were removed in release 10 because of their security risks.

7.x (1990)

Support for HP 9000 Series 300/400, 600/700 (in 7.03) /800 HP systems.^[6] Provided OSF/Motif.

8.x (January 1991)

Support for HP 9000 Series 300/400 600/700/800 systems.^[6] Shared libraries introduced.

9.x (July 1992)

9.00, 9.02, 9.04 (Series 600/800), 9.01, 9.03, 9.05, 9.07 (Series 300/400/700), 9.08, 9.09, 9.09+ (Series 700 only), 9.10 (Series 300/400 only). These provided support for the HP 9000 Series 300, 700 and 800 systems. Introduced System Administration Manager (SAM). The Logical Volume Manager (LVM) was presented in 9.00 for the Series 800.

10.0 (1995)

This major release saw a convergence of the operating system between the HP 9000 Series 700 (workstation) and Series 800 (server) systems, dropping support for previous lines. There was also a significant change in the layout in the system files and directories, based on the AT&T UNIX System V Release 4 standard. Applications were removed from /usr and moved under /opt; startup configuration files were placed under /etc/rc.config.d; users were moved to /home from /users. Software for HP-UX was now packaged, shipped, installed, and removed via the Software Distributor (SD) tools. LVM was also made available for Series 700.

10.20 (1996)

This release included support for 64-bit PA-RISC 2.0 processors. Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM) were introduced for use within CDE. The root file system could be configured to use the Veritas File System (VxFS). For legacy as well as technical reasons, the file system used for the boot kernel remained Hi Performance FileSystem (HFS, a variant of UFS) until version 11.23. 10.20 also supported 32-bit user and group identifiers. The prior limit was 60,000, or 16-bit. This and earlier releases of HP-UX are now effectively obsolete, and support by HP ended on June 30, 2003.^[7]

10.24

This is a Virtual Vault release of HP-UX, providing enhanced security features. Virtual Vault is a compartmentalised operating system in which each file is assigned a compartment and processes only have access to files in the appropriate compartment and unlike most other UNIX systems the superuser (or root) does not have complete access to the system without following correct procedures.

10.30 (1997)

This was primarily a developer release with various incremental enhancements. It provided the first support for kernel threads, with a 1:1 thread model (each user thread is bound to one kernel thread).

11.00 (1997)

The first HP-UX release to also support 64-bit addressing. It could still run 32-bit applications on a 64-bit system. It supported symmetric multiprocessing, Fibre Channel, and NFS PV3. It also included tools and documentation to convert 32-bit code to 64-bit.

11.04

Virtual Vault release.

11.10

This was a limited release to support the HP 9000 V2500 SCA (Scalable Computing Architecture) and V2600 SCA servers. It also added JFS 3.3, AutoFS, a new ftpd, and support for up to 128 CPUs. It was not available separately.

11.11 (2000) – 11i v1

This release of HP-UX introduced the concept of Operating Environments. It was released in December 2000. These are bundled groups of layered applications intended for use with a general category of usage. The available types were the Mission Critical, Enterprise, Internet, Technical Computing, and Minimal Technical OEs. (The last two were intended for HP 9000 workstations.) The main enhancements with this release were support for hard partitions, Gigabit Ethernet, NFS over TCP/IP, loadable kernel modules, dynamic kernel tunable parameters, kernel event Notifications, and protected stacks.

11.20 (2001) – 11i v1.5

This release of HP-UX was the first to support the new line of Itanium-based (IA-64) systems. It was not intended for mission critical computing environments and did not support HP's ServiceGuard cluster software. It provided support for running PA-RISC compiled applications on Itanium systems, and for Veritas Volume Manager 3.1.

11.22 (2002) – 11i v1.6

An incremental release of the Itanium version of HP-UX. This version achieved 64-way scalability, m:n threads, added more dynamic kernel tunable parameters, and supported HP's Logical Volume Manager on Itanium. It was built from the 11i v1 source code stream.

11.23 (2003) – 11i v2

The original release of this version was in September 2003 to support the Itanium-based systems. In September 2004 the OS was updated to provide support for both Itanium and PA-RISC systems. Besides running on Itanium systems, this release includes support for ccNUMA, web-based kernel and device configuration, IPv6, and stronger random number generation.

11.31 (2007) – 11i v3

This release supports both PA-RISC and Itanium.^[8] It was released on February 15, 2007.^[9] Major new features include native multipathing support, a unified file cache, NFSv4, Veritas ClusterFS, multi-volume VxFS, and integrated virtualization. Hyperthreading is supported on Itanium systems with Montecito and Tukwila processors. HP-UX 11i v3 conforms to The Open Group's UNIX 03 standard.^[10] Updates for 11i v3 have been released every 6 months,^[11] with the latest being Update 16,^[12] released in May 2017.^[13] HP has moved to a cadence of one major HP-UX operating system update per year.

HP-UX 11i operating environments

HP bundles HP-UX 11i with programs in packages they call Operating Environments (OEs).^[14]

The following lists the currently available HP-UX 11i v3 OEs:

HP-UX 11i v3 Base OE (BOE)

Includes the full HP-UX 11i operating system plus file system and partitioning software and applications for Web serving, system management and security. BOE includes all the software formerly in FOE & TCOE (see below), plus software formerly sold stand-alone (e.g. Auto Port Aggregator).

HP-UX 11i v3 Virtualization Server OE (VSE-OE)

Includes everything in BOE plus GlancePlus performance analysis and software mirroring, and all Virtual Server Environment software which includes virtual partitions, virtual machines, workload management, capacity advisor and applications. VSE-OE includes all the software formerly in EOE (see below), plus additional virtualization software.

HP-UX 11i v3 High Availability OE (HA-OE)

Includes everything in BOE plus HP Serviceguard clustering software for system failover and tools to manage clusters, as well as GlancePlus performance analysis and software mirroring applications.

HP-UX 11i v3 Data Center OE (DC-OE)

Includes everything in one package, combining the HP-UX 11i operating system with virtualization. Everything in the HA-OE and VSE-OE is in the DC-OE. Solutions for wide-area disaster recovery and the compiler bundle are sold separately.^[14]

HP-UX 11i v2 (11.23) 

HP dropped support for v2 in December 2010.^[15] Currently available HP-UX 11i v2 OEs include:

HP-UX 11i v2 Foundation OE (FOE)

Designed for Web servers, content servers and front-end servers, this OE includes applications such as HP-UX Web Server Suite, Java, and Mozilla Application Suite. This OE is bundled as HP-UX 11i FOE.

HP-UX 11i v2 Enterprise OE (EOE)

Designed for database application servers and logic servers, this OE contains the HP-UX 11i v2 Foundation OE bundles and additional applications such as GlancePlus Pak to enable an enterprise-level server. This OE is bundled as HP-UX 11i EOE.

HP-UX 11i v2 Mission Critical OE (MCOE)

Designed for the large, powerful back-end application servers and database servers that access customer files and handle transaction processing, this OE contains the Enterprise OE bundles, plus applications such as MC/ServiceGuard and Workload Manager to enable a mission-critical server. This OE is bundled as HP-UX 11i MCOE.

HP-UX 11i v2 Minimal Technical OE (MTOE)

Designed for workstations running HP-UX 11i v2, this OE includes the Mozilla Application Suite, Perl, VxVM, and Judy applications, plus the OpenGL Graphics Developer's Kit. This OE is bundled as HP-UX 11i MTOE.

HP-UX 11i v2 Technical Computing OE (TCOE)

Designed for both compute-intensive workstation and server applications, this OE contains the MTOE bundles plus extensive graphics applications, MPI and Math Libraries. This OE is bundled as HP-UX 11i-TCOE.

HP-UX 11i v1 (11.11)

According to HP's roadmap,^[15] was sold through December 2009, with continued support for v1 at least until December 2015.^[16]

See also

• 
  HP Roman-8 (character set)

References

External links

• HP-UX Home


• 
  HP-UX Public Roadmap(PDF)


• 
  HP-UX Updates Release Notes(PDF)


• HP-Journal oct. 1985 introducing the HP Integral and HP-UX 1.0


• HP-UX & HP Integrity Official Blog Mission Critical Musings


• HP-UX Guides Blog


• 
  The HP-UX Porting and Archive Center: Porting Open-source software to HP-UX


• HP-UX FAQ


• Securing HP-UX


• HP and VERITAS to Accelerate HP-UX 11i Virtualization


• New HP-UX 11i v3 Operating Environments


• 11i v3 Update 2, a name that's practically poetry


• HPUX Quick Notes and Guides


• 
  HP-UX man pages and shell accounts provided by Polarhome