Luís I of Portugal






































































Luís I

D. Luís I fotografado por Augusto Bobone em 1885.png
Photograph by Augusto Bobone, 1885

King of Portugal
Reign 11 November 1861 –
19 October 1889
Acclamation 22 December 1861
Predecessor Pedro V
Successor Carlos I
Prime Ministers
Born
(1838-10-31)31 October 1838
Necessidades Palace, Lisbon, Portugal
Died 19 October 1889(1889-10-19) (aged 50)
Citadel of Cascais, Cascais, Portugal
Burial
Pantheon of the Braganzas
Spouse Maria Pia of Savoy
Issue
Carlos I
Infante Afonso, Duke of Porto



Full name
Luís Filipe Maria Fernando Pedro de Alcântara António Miguel Rafael Gabriel Gonzaga Xavier Francisco de Assis João Augusto Júlio Valfando
House
Braganza[1]
Father Ferdinand II of Portugal
Mother Maria II of Portugal
Religion Roman Catholicism

Dom Luís I (31 October 1838 in Lisbon  – 19 October 1889 in Cascais) was a member of the House of Braganza,[1] and King of Portugal from 1861 to 1889. The second son of Maria II and Ferdinand II, he acceded to the throne upon the death of his brother Pedro V.




Contents






  • 1 Reign


  • 2 Personal interests


  • 3 Marriages and descendants


  • 4 Titles, styles and honours


    • 4.1 Titles and styles


    • 4.2 Honours


      • 4.2.1 National


      • 4.2.2 Foreign






  • 5 Ancestry


  • 6 References





Reign




Luís I and Maria Pia of Savoy at a masquerade ball, 1865.


Luís was a cultured man who wrote vernacular poetry, but had no distinguishing gifts in the political field into which he was thrust by the deaths of his brothers Pedro V and Fernando in 1861. Luís's domestic reign was a tedious and ineffective series of transitional governments called Rotativism formed at various times by the Progressistas (Liberals) and the Regeneradores (Conservatives – the party generally favoured by King Luís, who secured their long term in office after 1881). Despite a flirtation with the Spanish succession prior to the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71, Luís's reign was otherwise one of domestic stagnation as Portugal fell ever further behind the nations of western Europe in terms of public education, political stability, technological progress and economic prosperity. In colonial affairs, Delagoa Bay was confirmed as a Portuguese possession in 1875, whilst Belgian activities in the Congo (1880s) and a British Ultimatum in 1890 denied Portugal a land link between Portuguese Angola and Portuguese Mozambique at the peak of the Scramble for Africa.



Personal interests


Luís was mostly a man of the sciences, with a passion for oceanography. He invested a large portion of his fortune in funding research boats to collect specimens in the oceans of the world, and was responsible for the establishment of one of the world's first aquariums, the Aquário Vasco da Gama in Lisbon, which is still open to the public with its vast collection of maritime life forms, including a 10 meter long squid. His love for the sciences and advances in knowledge was passed on to his two sons. Luís was also very keen with literature, not only with books in Portuguese but also in English; he was the first to bring fully translated Shakespearean works to Portugal, such as The Merchant of Venice, Richard III and Othello, the Moor of Venice; his best-known work in all of Portugal was his translation of Hamlet.



Marriages and descendants


On 6 October 1862, Luís married Princess Maria Pia of Savoy (16 October 1847 – 5 July 1911), daughter of Victor Emmanuel II of Italy and Maria Adelaide of Austria. They both had a deep love at first, but Luis's countless mistresses led Maria Pia to depression. Together they had two sons who survived childhood, and a stillborn son in 1866.




  • Dom Carlos, Prince Royal of Portugal (28 September 1863 – 1 February 1908), successor as King Carlos I; murdered by the Carbonária.


  • Dom Afonso, Prince Royal of Portugal (31 July 1865 – 21 February 1920), Infante of Portugal, Duke of Porto, Viceroy of India, and after 1908 Prince Royal.


The King also fathered one illegitimate son, also named Carlos, who was born in 1874 in Lisbon.



Titles, styles and honours


















Royal styles of
King Luís I of Portugal
Coat of Arms of the Kingdom of Portugal (1640-1910).png
Reference style His Most Faithful Majesty
Spoken style Your Most Faithful Majesty
Alternative style Sire

Main article: List of titles and honours of the Portuguese Crown


Titles and styles




  • 31 October 1838 - 11 November 1861: His Royal Highness The Duke of Porto and Viseu


  • 11 November 1861 - 19 October 1889: His Most Faithful Majesty The King of Portugal and the Algarves


Luís I's official styling as King of Portugal:
By the Grace of God and by the Constitution of the Monarchy, Luís I, King of Portugal and the Algarves, of either side of the sea in Africa, Lord of Guinea and of Conquest, Navigation, and Commerce of Ethiopia, South Africa etc.



Honours



National



  •  Kingdom of Portugal:

    • Sovereign of the Military Order of Knights of Our Lord Jesus Christ

    • Sovereign of the Order of Saint Benedict of Aviz

    • Sovereign of the Military Order of Saint James of the Sword

    • Sovereign of the Order of the Immaculate Conception of Vila Viçosa

    • Sovereign of the Order of the Tower and Sword




Foreign





  •  Austrian Empire: Grand Cross of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary - 1854[2]


  •  Baden: Grand Cross of the Order of the Zähringer Lion


  •  Kingdom of Bavaria: Knight of the Order of Saint Hubert


  •  Belgium: Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold - 1854[3]


  •  Empire of Brazil:

    • Grand Cross of the Order of the Southern Cross

    • Grand Cross of the Order of the Rose




  •  Denmark: Knight of the Order of the Elephant - 18 April 1864[4]


  •  France:

    • Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour

    • Military Medal




  • Greece Kingdom of Greece: Grand Cross of the Order of the Redeemer


  •  Kingdom of Hawaii: Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Kamehameha I - 19 August 1881[5]


  •  Grand Duchy of Hesse: Grand Cross of the Ludwig Order


  •  Liberia: Grand Commander of the Humane Order of African Redemption


  • Flagge Großherzogtümer Mecklenburg.svg Mecklenburg: Grand Cross of the House Order of the Wendish Crown


  •  Monaco: Grand Cross of the Order of Saint-Charles


  •  Netherlands: Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion


  •  Ottoman Empire: Order of the Medjidie, First Class


  •  Kingdom of Prussia: Knight of the Order of the Black Eagle


  •  Romania:

    • Knight of the Order of the Crown of Romania

    • Order of the Star of Romania




  •  Russia:

    • Knight of the Order of St. Andrew

    • Knight of the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky


    • Order of St. Anne, First Class

    • Knight of the Order of the White Eagle




  •  Kingdom of Sardinia:

    • Knight of the Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation - 1855

    • Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus - 1855




  •  Kingdom of Saxony: Knight of the Order of the Rue Crown


  • Flag of Serbia (1835-1882).svg Principality of Serbia: Grand Cross of the Order of the Cross of Takovo


  • Thailand Siam: Knight of the Order of the Nine Gems


  •  Spain:

    • Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece - 1861[6]

    • Laureate Cross of Saint Ferdinand

    • Grand Cross of the Crosses of Military Merit

    • Grand Cross of the Crosses of Naval Merit




  •  Sweden: Knight of the Order of the Seraphim - 27 November 1861


  •  Tunisia: Grand Cordon of the Order of Glory


  •  United Kingdom: Knight of the Order of the Garter - 17 June 1865[7]




Ancestry


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References





  1. ^ ab "While remaining patrilineal dynasts of the duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha according to pp. 88, 116 of the 1944 Almanach de Gotha, Title 1, Chapter 1, Article 5 of the 1838 Portuguese constitution declared, with respect to Ferdinand II of Portugal's issue by his first wife, that 'the Most Serene House of Braganza is the reigning house of Portugal and continues through the Person of the Lady Queen Maria II'. Thus their mutual descendants constitute the Coburg line of the House of Braganza"


  2. ^ "A Szent István Rend tagjai" Archived 22 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine.


  3. ^ Le livre d'or de l'ordre de Léopold et de la croix de fer, Volume 1 /Ferdinand Veldekens


  4. ^ Jørgen Pedersen (2009). Riddere af Elefantordenen, 1559–2009 (in Danish). Syddansk Universitetsforlag. p. 272. ISBN 978-87-7674-434-2..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}


  5. ^ King Kalakaua's Tour Round the World (Honolulu, 1881) page 72


  6. ^ "Toison Espagnole (Spanish Fleece) - 19th century" (in French), Chevaliers de la Toison D'or. Retrieved 2018-08-07.


  7. ^ Wm. A. Shaw, The Knights of England, Volume I (London, 1906) page 62


















Luís I of Portugal

House of Braganza

Cadet branch of the House of Aviz

Born: 31 October 1838 Died: 19 October 1889
Regnal titles
Preceded by
Pedro V
King of Portugal
1861–1889
 Succeeded by
Carlos I

Portuguese royalty
Preceded by
Maria II
Duke of Porto
1838–1861
 Succeeded by
Afonso Henriques












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